Prologue: July 1956 / Darlington Hall

Prologue: July 1956 / Darlington Hall

Summary

Stevens, the head butler at Darlington Hall in England, discusses the journey upon which he is about to embark-a journey that his employer, Mr. Farraday, has suggested Stevens take. Mr. Farraday is going back to the United States for five weeks, and he tells Stevens that he should take the opportunity to get out and see a bit of the country.

Stevens does not initially take Mr. Farraday's suggestion seriously. However, upon receiving a letter from Miss Kenton, the former housekeeper at Darlington Hall, Stevens decides to go. Stevens feels that Miss Kenton's letter contains 'distinct hints' of her desire to return to Darlington Hall as an employee. In the past few months, Stevens has been a little slipshod in his work. He attributes his errors to the fact that the house is understaffed, so he s to ask Miss Kenton if she would like to return to work at Darlington Hall again. Currently, only four people staff the entire manor house: Stevens, Mrs. Clements, and two hired girls, Rosemary and Agnes. Mr. Farraday does not wish to keep on a larger staff, because he does not entertain guests nearly as frequently as the house's previous owner, Lord Darlington, did.

Stevens begins choosing the proper attire for the journey. He consults a road atlas and several volumes of a series of travel books titled The Wonder of England. The last time Stevens looked over these volumes was twenty years ago, when he wished to obtain an idea of the region where Mrs. Kenton was moving when she left Darlington Hall to get married.

Once Stevens has decided to take the trip, he broaches the idea again with Mr. Farraday when he brings his employer his afternoon tea. Stevens tells Farraday that the former housekeeper of Darlington Hall resides in the West Country, but he then pauses, realizing he has not discussed with Mr. Farraday the idea of bringing on another staff member. Mr. Farraday teases Stevens for having a 'lady-friend,' which makes the extremely proper butler feel very awkward. Mr. Farraday of course gives his consent for Stevens to go on the trip, and reiterates his offer to 'foot the bill for the gas.'

Stevens then muses about the joking around that is so characteristic of Mr. Farraday's conversational style. Stevens thinks that the American form of 'bantering' is somewhat vulgar, but that he must endeavor to participate in it, or his employer will see it as a form of negligence on Stevens's part. Stevens goes on to say that the matter of bantering is more difficult because he cannot discuss it with his cohorts anymore-in past times, other butlers would accompany their employers to Darlington Hall, and Stevens would have the opportunity to discuss various work dilemmas with them. Now, however, there are fewer great butlers, and Stevens rarely sees those that remain, as Farraday does not frequently entertain guests from other houses.

Analysis

Until the last few es of The Remains of the Day, the entire narrative is written in retrospect. In this section, Stevens goes back in time and tells us all of the events leading up to his impending departure. In almost every section of the novel, the narrative begins in the present: Stevens briefly reminisces over the events of the present day, and then returns to a more lengthy discussion of events from the past. Fluctuations within the narrative between past and present allow Stevens to present us with fragmentary information to which he returns later in the narrative to explain more fully.

The narrative is complex because it incorporates both Stevens's knowledge of and his blindness to the events he recounts; we is strictly limited to knowing only what Stevens wishes to disclose. The narrative style is extremely discursive and unhurried, and incredibly deliberate and detailed.

From the narrative style we immediately see that Stevens is a very proper, meticulous person. His attention to detail is extraordinary; he even lists all the various different sorts of traveling clothes that he might need for the journey. Though Stevens repeatedly says that his trip is professional in nature, we see through his words that, on a personal level, he very much looks forward to seeing Miss Kenton again. Indeed, it is the arrival of her letter that incites his desire to take the trip. The fact that Stevens used to look at books to get a clue as to Miss Kenton's new home once she left Darlington Hall also demonstrates that she is constantly in his thoughts, even when she is no longer working with him.

In the novel, Ishiguro presents two ways of being English that are largely at odds with each other. Stevens embodies older codes of decorum-gracious, practical, and undemonstrative. The present culture is less concerned with what is proper, and more concerned with what is efficient. While the older England scorned American culture and politics to some degree, the more current England embraces these concepts, causing a division within the country between two very different viewpoints. Stevens's discussion of 'bantering' demonstrates his entrenchment in old-fashioned values and judgments. In order to banter in the manner of Mr. Farraday, Stevens would have to stop taking himself so seriously-and it is difficult to imagine a more serious character than Stevens. Stevens is far too afraid of offending Mr. Farraday to ever be relaxed enough to joke with him; he literally thinks that he is inferior to Mr. Farraday because he is a servant and Mr. Farraday is his master. Although the strict hierarchy that used to characterize the ordering of English manor houses has faded away in favor of more democratic views, Stevens has not adapted to a climate in which he might joke with his employer as an equal.

Summary

Stevens spends the first night of his trip in a guesthouse in Salisbury. He looks back over the day. He describes the excitement he felt during the moment that morning, after the first twenty minutes of driving, when the landscape was no longer familiar to him. At that moment, Stevens stops the car to stretch his legs. A man relaxing at the bottom of a hill suggests that Stevens walk up a trail to the top of the hill to see the view, which the stranger claims is unparalleled in all of England. The view at the top is indeed beautiful, and Stevens feels 'a heady flush of anticipation' for the adventures he is sure await him.

In the afternoon, Stevens arrives at the guesthouse in Salisbury. At around four o'clock, he takes a walk in the streets of the town for a few hours. He visits a beautiful cathedral and, though he is generally impressed with the city, the view that remains with him is the view of the English countryside that he saw that morning. Stevens thinks that the sort of subtle beauty typified by the English countryside is best captured by the term 'greatness.' The landscape is great precisely because it lacks any 'drama' or 'spectacle'; the beauty is 'calm' and has 'a sense of restraint.' These thoughts lead Stevens to discuss the qualities that constitute a 'great' butler.

The Hayes Society, an elite society of butlers in the 1920s and 1930s, claimed that any butler applying for membership to the Society must possess 'a dignity in keeping with his position.' Through a set of examples, Stevens goes on to define what he believes this notion 'dignity' encompasses.

Stevens's first illustration of dignity involves a story Stevens's father used to tell about a butler who was working for his employer in India. One day, while the employer was entertaining guests in his drawing room, the butler went into the dining room and found that there was a tiger under the table. After conferring with his employer, the butler shot the animal, removed its carcass, cleaned up the dining room, and returned to calmly inform his employer, 'Dinner will be served at the usual time and I am pleased to say there will be no discernible traces left of the recent occurrence by that time.'

Stevens's next two examples of dignity are about his father, who was also a butler. The first story tells how two drunken houseguests of his employer instructed Stevens's father to drive them around in the car late one afternoon. Though the men were loutish, Stevens's father behaved with immaculate courtesy until the men began to make disparaging comments about his employer, Mr. John Silver. At that point, Stevens's father pulled the car over and got out. He opened the back door and stared silently at the two men until they realized they had been really rude. They apologized, and he took them back home in perfect silence.

The third example is about an episode between Stevens's father and an Army general. Stevens's father hated the general because, during the British campaign in South Africa, the general's poor leadership and bad judgment in a particular military maneuver resulted in the needless death of Stevens's older bother. The very same general came as a guest to Mr. Silver's house, and Stevens's father himself waited on the general for four days. Despite the personal pain it caused him, Stevens's father did his duty so well that the general never had a clue as to his true feelings, and left a generous tip. Stevens's father unhesitatingly donated the tip money to charity.

Stevens sums up the ideas of 'greatness' and 'dignity' by saying that while some people may certainly be more naturally inclined to be dignified, dignity is also a quality that one can, and must, strive to attain.

Analysis

The fact that Stevens thinks that a 'restrained' landscape is beautiful is not at all surprising, given that he himself is the embodiment of self-restraint. In this regard, the landscape is a symbol of all that Stevens stands for. The qualities that make the landscape 'great' are the same qualities that Stevens thinks make a butler 'great.'

Stevens has to stop and stretch his legs because he needs to take a moment to adjust to seeing unfamiliar landscape. The fact that this unfamiliar landscape is only a few minutes' drive from Darlington Hall demonstrates how enclosed Stevens's entire existence has been; due to his incredible professional commitment to Darlington Hall, he has hardly ever ventured into the outside world. However, the fact that his travels are limited never bothers him; it would never even occur to him to allow himself to feel discontentment at his confinement, as he believes a butler's greatest fulfillment is the graceful execution of his duties for his employer.

Stevens's story about the tiger describes a butler acting with perfect poise under great duress. For Stevens and his father to feel dignified, they must, like that butler in India, succeed in acting unruffled even in the hardest of circumstances. The stories concerning the general and the reprimanding of the drunken guests are similar: all three examples involve the butler's negation of his own feelings in order to promote the harmony of his employer's household. This ideology is an extension of the customs in English culture at that time: servants were commonly thought of as inferior not just as workers, but as people. As inferior beings, they were expected to exist solely to serve the household in which they worked.

Though Stevens provides these examples as an illustration of the triumph of the butlers involved, we may just as readily view the stories as pathetic. According to Stevens, a dignified butler is never able to freely express himself: the butler in the tiger story cannot acknowledge the urgency and bizarreness of the situation, just as Stevens's father must put up with annoying houseguests without ever expressing his dislike for them. Butlers cannot choose whether or not to react to any given situation; they are always expected to repress their own feelings. Furthermore, the third example demonstrates Steven's father's loyalty to his employer, Mr. John Silver, at the total exclusion of his own personal pain and feelings. Stevens himself feels the same unquestioned loyalty for Lord Darlington.

Stevens's lengthy discussion of dignity may appear a bit extraneous to the plot, as he presents it in this section as a sort of mental digression. However, Stevens's concept of dignity is vital to understanding his motivation for his actions, both past and present. The narrative has not, as of yet, raised any doubts as to the wisdom of Stevens's beliefs. However, the lengthy exation of these beliefs suggests that they later become essential to decisions Stevens makes that shape the plot of the story as a whole.

The next morning, Stevens wakes up early and thinks again about Miss Kenton's letter. Though her married name is Mrs. Benn, Stevens continues to refer to her as Miss Kenton. She has recently moved out of Mr. Benn's house in Helston and is staying with a friend in a nearby town. Stevens believes she feels lonely, and he thinks the seeming nostalgia she expresses in her letter might indicate she might like to return to Darlington Hall as housekeeper. Stevens quotes several passages from the letter, some of which are very sad. One particular incident Miss Kenton mentions in her letter leads Stevens into a long reminiscence about the past.

Miss Kenton and Stevens's father both came to work at Darlington Hall at the same time, in the spring of 1922, because the former under-butler and housekeeper of Darlington Hall had just eloped. Stevens thinks that such abandonment of a professional post for marriage is irritating and thoroughly unprofessional. He quickly adds that though Miss Kenton did likewise leave to get married, she in no way falls into this irritating category, as she was always extremely professional and worked at Darlington Hall for many years.

Miss Kenton and Stevens's father both arrived with excellent employment histories to recommend them. However, Stevens's father was already in his seventies, and he suffered from arthritis and other ailments. Over the first few weeks of their employment, Miss Kenton points out several errors that Stevens's father has committed: he has reversed two statues in the hall, and has left traces of polish on the silver. Finally, Miss Kenton tells Stevens directly that his father has perhaps been entrusted with more responsibility than a man of his age can handle. Stevens tells Miss Kenton she is being foolish.

Two months later, Stevens's father falls down some steps on the lawn while carrying a tray to Lord Darlington and two guests. Dr. Meredith suggests that Stevens's father had been overworked. After this incident, Lord Darlington asks Stevens to reduce his father's workload. Stevens goes to speak to his father, a conversation that is awkwardly formal because the men have spoken less and less over the past few years. Stevens's father does not show any emotion, and says only that he fell because the steps on the lawn are crooked. That evening, Miss Kenton and Stevens, looking out the window of the house, see Stevens's father outside on the lawn, walking up and down the steps upon which he fell. His eyes are trained on the ground, 'as though,' Miss Kenton recalls in her letter, 'he hoped to find some precious jewel he had dropped there.'

Stevens moves to a discussion of an international conference held at Darlington Hall in March 1923. Lord Darlington was a close friend of Herr Karl-Heinz Bremann, a distinguished German soldier who fought in the Great War (World War I). Lord Darlington was disturbed by the fact that the Treaty of Versailles sent the economy of postwar Germany spiraling into ruin-he said it did England 'great discredit to treat a defeated foe like this.'

A while later, Herr Bremann shot himself, most likely due to the dire conditions in Germany. This tragedy prompted Lord Darlington to try to act. He assembled leaders of a wide variety of nationalities and professions-diplomats, clergymen, writers and thinkers-to think of ways to revise the Treaty of Versailles to alleviate the situation in Germany. Though none of the dignitaries present were government officials, they were prominent ures in their respective countries, and Darlington hoped that they would influence people who held official offices before Prime Minister Lloyd George and the heads of other European nations reviewed the treaty again in Switzerland later that year.

During the period of hectic preparation for the conference, Lord Darlington gave Stevens a bizarre extra task: he asked him to tell Sir David Cardinal's son, Mr. Reginald Cardinal, who was twenty-three at the time and engaged to be married, 'the facts of life.' Stevens makes two failed attempts to inform Reginald Cardinal about sex, but due to the generally hectic state of the household, and the early arrival of Monsieur Dupont, Stevens never accomplishes his task.

Some of the guests present at the conference include Sir David Cardinal, Monsieur Dupont, an American named Mr. Lewis, and two German countesses. Before the arrival of M. Dupont, Lord Darlington and Mr. Lewis engage in a discussion in which Lord Darlington explains that the English find the present unforgiving French attitude towards the Germans 'despicable.' M. Dupont is a very important ure at the conference, as Lord Darlington was especially keen on convincing him that the Treaty of Versailles should be made more lenient.

During the first morning of the conference, Stevens's father falls ill. Dr. Meredith instructs Stevens to call him immediately if his father deteriorates at all. That night, Stevens overhears a discussion between M. Dupont and Mr. Lewis, in which Mr. Lewis tells Mr. Dupont that Lord Darlington called the French 'despicable' and 'barbarous.' The next day, the discussions among the guests are heated and intense. Stevens keeps making trips upstairs to see his father throughout the day, but his father is usually asleep. However, when Stevens goes upstairs the next evening, a chambermaid wakes up Stevens's father. The elder Stevens asks his son if everything is in hand downstairs, and then says that he is proud of him, telling him that he has been 'a good son.' Stevens only replies that they can talk in the morning, and that he is 'glad Father is feeling better.'

At dinner that night, the last night of the conference, M. Dupont stands up and makes a speech. He says he has been impressed with the views presented and will do what he can to further less vindictive opinions in France before the upcoming conference in Switzerland. M. Dupont makes disparaging remarks about Mr. Lewis, revealing that the American made nasty remarks about everyone present, and closes by toasting Lord Darlington.

Mr. Lewis stands up in rebuttal, declaring that each dignitary present is a 'naïve dreamer' who has no idea how to make official decisions. He ends by toasting 'professionalism' and dismissing Lord Darlington as an 'amateur.' Lord Darlington responds by saying that what Lewis deems amateurism is what most people call honor. Darlington says that if deceit and cheating lie at the base of professionalism, he has no desire to acquire such a quality. The dignitaries thoroughly applaud this speech.

Miss Kenton suddenly comes in to tell Stevens that his father has become very ill. He goes up to see his father, and Mrs. Mortimer, the cook, says that his father's pulse has gone very weak. Stevens is distressed, but goes downstairs to ensure that everything is taken care with the guests. Stevens goes into the smoking room, and Mr. Reginald Cardinal and Lord Darlington both ask him if anything is wrong, concerned that he appears to be crying. Stevens apologizes and says it is merely the strain of a hard day.

Miss Kenton comes downstairs and tells Stevens that his father passed away four minutes earlier. Stevens says that he will come up and see his father in a little while, but that his father would have wanted him to take care of his duties as a butler first. Stevens seats M. Dupont, who is complaining about his sore feet, in the billiard room. Then Dr. Meredith arrives and tells Stevens that his father died of a severe stroke. Stevens thanks the doctor, asks him to tend to M. Dupont, and shows him downstairs.

Stevens feels that that night constituted a turn in his professional development with regard to the level of dignity that he displayed in his capacity as a butler. He feels that on that night he displayed a dignity that was 'at least in some modest degree' worthy of his father: 'For all its sad associations, whenever I recall that evening today, I find I do so with a large sense of triumph.'

Analysis

The fact that Stevens reads Miss Kenton's letter over and over is in itself a clear indication that he misses her quite a bit: he is so eager to have any news of her that he repeatedly peruses the letter for details. It also becomes clear how highly Stevens thinks of Miss Kenton as a person when he says that she was an exceptional professional who served Darlington Hall well for many years. We begin to see that when Stevens cares about someone, he makes exceptions for that person. Because Stevens thinks so highly of his father, he wants Miss Kenton to address him as Mr. Stevens; though Stevens does not approve of people leaving their stations to get married, he says that Miss Kenton did no discredit to her career by doing so.

If another employee made errors such as misplacing statues or leaving polish on the silver, Stevens would certainly call it to his attention, if not fire him. But because it is his father who makes these mistakes, Stevens is reluctant to admit to himself that his father is at fault. Stevens's reaction demonstrates that, despite the fact that his interactions with his father often seem cold, Stevens really does love and respect his father. Miss Kenton, however, persistently points out the errors Stevens's father makes; she knows that Stevens is extremely strict about her own mistakes, and she wants to make sure he applies his high standards fairly to all his workers. Miss Kenton is also afraid that it is only a matter of time until Stevens's father makes a more serious blunder.

Miss Kenton is proved right when Stevens's father falls while carrying the tray on the steps. When Stevens must give his father a revised list of chores, it is as difficult for him to do as it is for his father to hear. The fact that Stevens is so formal even with members of his own family demonstrates how completely he and his father are wedded to their jobs. Stevens clearly admires his father a great deal, and in many ways aspires to be just like him, imitating his coldly professional manner. When Stevens's father actually says that he is proud of Stevens, and that Stevens is a good son, it is a surprising and moving moment, as the two hardly ever speak.

The moment when Stevens and Miss Kenton see Stevens's father walking up and down the steps is a painfully powerful one. It is as if the elder Stevens is practicing or searching for something he has lost. This poignant image serves as a symbol for much of the novel as a whole: just as Stevens's father, in his old age, keeps examining the scene of his fall to see where he went wrong, so Stevens constantly relives his memories in an attempt to justify a life he is afraid he may have wasted.

Lord Darlington clearly has personal reasons for his sympathy to Germany. Before World War I, he believes that he and Herr Bremann will be able to be friends again after the war is over. After the war, however, the German economy suffers a great deal. Lord Darlington obviously feels partly responsible for Bremann's suicide, as England was part of the Allied forces that fought Germany and drew up the harsh conditions of the Treaty of Versailles. The personal tragedy of Bremann's death, in addition Darlington's first-hand glimpse of poverty upon visiting Germany, motivates him to hold the March 1923 conference to promote peace. Lord Darlington's motivations for helping Germany are indeed noble ones, and show how easy it can be to be led astray in a certain time by certain inclinations.

The fact that Stevens is enlisted to tell Reginald Cardinal the facts of life because two other grown men are too uncomfortable to do so is an illustration of repressed English social norms. It is simply not proper for gentlemen to speak of such things, so when someone must, no one knows how to do it. Stevens finds Reginald in the garden, and is going to use flowers or geese as a metaphor to explain sex. However, when he learns that M. Dupont has arrived at the house, he rushes off, probably relieved to escape such a daunting task. The fact that Stevens must do whatever Lord Darlington wishes him to do, however awkward and unprofessional, also illustrates the complete power that the head of the household exercised at that time.

During the final night of the conference, when Stevens must constantly rush around attending to all of the guests and run upstairs to check on his father, not once in his narrative does he admit to feeling stress or sadness. However, both Reginald Cardinal and Lord Darlington ask if Stevens is all right, and Lord Darlington even remarks that Stevens looks as though he has been crying. It is only through these remarks that we realize Stevens is upset, as his own narrative gives no indication. We learn through this instance that Stevens is not a wholly reliable narrator, as he does not always say how he is honestly feeling. The fact that Stevens does not admit, even in retrospect, that he was upset shows how deeply the denial of his emotions is ingrained in him. In moments like these, Stevens treats us, as readers, just as he treats his employer or the guests: he does not want us to be bothered by his grief, even though his father is on his deathbed upstairs. Even after his father his dead, Stevens hardly takes a moment to grieve, immediately asking the doctor to attend to the insufferable M. Dupont's sore feet.

The importance of the concept of dignity comes to light again in this section of the novel, as all of Stevens's actions are guided by his pursuit of dignity. As always, Stevens's first duty is to ensure the smooth running of the household, even if this necessitates his absence from his father's deathbed. The extreme to which Stevens negates his own emotions in this section becomes excruciatingly painful when we learn-through the comments of Reginald Cardinal and Lord Darlington-that Stevens is suffering. Ironically, the moments when Stevens feels he is being 'unprofessional' are those when he seems most human, and when we can best relate to him.

Miss Kenton, in this section, is shown to be a character upon whom we may depend, much as Stevens, however unwittingly, depends upon her. It is she, not Stevens, who notices that his father's ability is waning, and who forces Stevens to realize this fact, despite his efforts to deny it. Indeed, Miss Kenton does not have the blind spots that Stevens does. Yet she also understands, to some degree, Stevens's commitment to his profession, as she is also an excellent and devoted housekeeper. When Stevens's father is dying, Miss Kenton stays with the old man when Stevens must attend to matters downstairs, and it is she who closes his father's eyes after he passes away.

Day Two-Afternoon / Mortimer's Pond, Dorset

While on his morning drive, Stevens once again discusses the quality of 'greatness' in a butler. He says that a butler should be associated with a distinguished household, but that the 'distinguished' butlers of his time, unlike the previous generation of butlers, search for employers who further the progress of humanity-employers who, in addition to being aristocratic, are morally noble.

Stevens suddenly realizes that an odd heated smell is coming from the engine of the car. He keeps driving, looks for a house where a chauffeur can assist him, and draws up in front of a large Victorian mansion. A man comes out of the house and fixes the Ford, which merely needs a refill of radiator water. Stevens asks the man how many people are employed at the house, because he can see through the windows that many of the rooms are dust-sheeted. The man tells Stevens that his employer is trying to sell the place off, because he 'hasn't got much use for a house this size now.' The man asks where Stevens is a butler, and when Stevens replies that he is from Darlington Hall, the man is very impressed, commenting, 'You must be top-notch, working in a place like that. Can't be many like you left, eh?' The man then asks if Stevens used to work for Lord Darlington, but Stevens denies it. The man recommends that Stevens visit Mortimer's Pond.

While at the pond, Stevens explains to us that this is not the first time he has denied working for Lord Darlington-he also did so once before when an American couple, Mr. and Mrs. Wakefield, came to visit Mr. Farraday. When Mrs. Wakefield asked if Stevens had been at the house during Lord Darlington's residence, Stevens replied that he had not. Stevens explains that he is not in any way ashamed to have worked for Lord Darlington, but that so many foolish things are said about Lord Darlington that he denies working for him in order to avoid 'unpleasantness.' Stevens reiterates that Darlington was a man of great moral stature, and that he is proud to have worked in a truly distinguished household.

The previous night, Stevens slept in a small inn called 'The Coach and Horses' outside the town of Taunton, Somerset. Upon arriving he went down to the bar, and the six or seven people there made a joke about how Stevens would not get much sleep that night due to the frequent loud arguments between the proprietor and his wife. The bar patrons all laughed at this remark, and Stevens felt that he should respond in kind. He says that the mistress' noise is ½ local variation on the cock crow, no doubt.' His remark is followed by silence, and Stevens is disappointed that his attempt at bantering failed once again, especially because he has lately been listening to a comedy show on the radio to help improve his skills.

After setting off, Stevens stops in the center of Taunton to take his midmorning tea. Out the window, he sees a directional sign for the village of Mursden. Mursden was where Giffen and Co., a silver polish company, used to be located. Stevens thinks that the founding of Giffen and Co. in the early 1920s is largely responsible for aristocratic households placing increased emphasis on having finely polished silver. Stevens claims that Mr. Marshall, a contemporary butler whom Stevens also deems 'great,' had such a high standard for the polishing of silver in Charleville House that visitors would often compliment the host on the brightness of the silver.

Stevens recalls that Lady Astor and George Bernard Shaw, during visits to Darlington Hall, complimented the silver. Stevens also tells of one night when Lord Halifax and Herr Ribbentrop came to dinner. After the dinner was over, Lord Darlington commented to Stevens that the finely polished silver had quite impressed Lord Halifax, and had put him into a better frame of mind.

Stevens remarks that while Herr Ribbentrop is regarded today as a 'trickster,' around 1936-1937 he was regarded as an honorable gentleman who, when he dined at great houses in England, always did so as a guest of honor. Stevens is annoyed with people who talk of those times as though they had known all along that Ribbentrop was deceitful, because these same people also speak poorly of Lord Darlington. It was not uncommon for Lord Darlington to stay with Nazis when his visited Germany during those times, but Stevens emphasizes that many established ladies and gentlemen in England also did so, not knowing the true nature of the Nazi regime. Though the leader of the British Union of Fascists, Sir Oswald Mosley, visited Darlington Hall on three occasions, Stevens insists that these visits all took place before the fascist organization 'had betrayed its true nature.'

Again, Stevens reflects with great satisfaction upon the episode with Lord Halifax and the silver, reiterating that he is happy to have worked in a house that contributed to the course of history. Indeed, he feels he practiced his profession at the fulcrum of great affairs. Stevens thinks of an incident that alarmed him last April regarding the silver. One evening at dinner, he saw Mr. Farraday examining the tip of his fork, at which point Stevens quickly removed the offending utensil and replaced it with a new one. He says the mistake was due to the current staff shortage, and thinks that if Miss Kenton returns, such slips would become a thing of the past.

Analysis

These two sections give us a number of examples that demonstrate how much Stevens is out of place with the present time. The manservant who refills Stevens's radiator exemplifies the new sort of handyman that has replaced the more specific employees-butler, under-butler, housekeeper, and so on-that large manor houses required before World War II. The manservant's comment that there 'aren't many like [Stevens] left' is completely accurate: it is as though Stevens is a species on the verge of extinction. Furthermore, Stevens's failed attempt at bantering in the bar of The Coach and Horses again illustrates his inability to adapt to new situations. His attempt at a witty comment is overwrought and bizarre, with the result that his audience fails to understand what he is talking about.

The fact that Giffen and Co. is closing signifies more than the fact that the practice of polishing silver is becoming obsolete: it is symbolic of Stevens's profession itself. Polishing silver is no longer high on most people's list of priorities now that the days of manor house galas are coming to an end. In these two sections of the novel, Stevens shows himself to be so far behind the times that he is a somewhat pathetic character. It is sad that polished silver is Stevens's only concrete contribution to the course of history, and that his skewed concept of dignity allows him to take a great deal of pride in this meager claim.

However, Stevens's emphasis on the fact that Lord Darlington was not the only Englishman who was a Nazi sympathizer is accurate. Stevens makes a good point when he says that it is easy for people to look back and be critical, but that it was much harder to tell the true nature of the Nazi regime at the time. Lord Darlington's personal situation involving Herr Bremann also demonstrates why Darlington was especially prone to giving the Germans the benefit of the doubt in World War II, even though this course of action turned out to be the worst possible one. In the character of Lord Darlington we see that in war, motives and people are more complicated than they may first appear. However, there is little doubt also that in persisting to help Germans, Lord Darlington acted stupidly, even if he did so with the best of intentions.

Although Stevens says that the only reason he denies having worked for Lord Darlington is to avoid 'unpleasantness,' it is clear that this claim is flimsy. If Stevens were truly proud of Lord Darlington and had no doubts about the virtuous nature of his employer's actions, it seems that Stevens would take every opportunity to defend Darlington. Stevens's strange behavior demonstrates that he does have doubts of his own: perhaps, though Stevens will never admit it himself, he feels that Lord Darlington may have been mistaken in what he did. To admit this, however, would be to admit that he himself was also mistaken, as he lived to serve an employer he viewed as virtuous. Because it is difficult for Stevens to admit an error on his own part, it is a small wonder that he is loath to admit that Lord Darlington may have been wrong.

In this section it becomes clear that Stevens feels that Miss Kenton will be able to fix everything. It seems she will not only work wonders around the house, but also allay Stevens's doubts about the past. If Miss Kenton were to return, Stevens could stop mulling over memories in his head and stop doubting the wisdom of his past actions and choices, at least with regard to his relationship with Miss Kenton. Especially because Stevens will never be able to change the fact that he trusted Lord Darlington to a fault, it is all the more important that he reclaim part of his past through Miss Kenton. She appears to be the solution not only to literal problems such as polishing silver, but to many deeper doubts and regrets as well.

Uncharacteristically, Stevens does not open this section of the novel in the present; he instead immediately tells about the one overt instance of anti- Semitism at Darlington Hall. He says that Lord Darlington came under the influence of Mrs. Carolyn Barnet, a member of the blackshirts organization, the British Union of Fascists. Stevens states that it was during these few weeks in the early 1920s, when Lord Darlington saw Mrs. Barnet frequently, that he decided to fire two Jewish maids.

Stevens tells Miss Kenton of Lord Darlington's decision to fire the maids that night over cocoa, during one of the customary end-of-day meetings he and she have instituted to discuss the day's events (meetings Stevens claims were merely professional in nature). Although Stevens is personally opposed to the decision to dismiss the Jewish maids because they have been excellent workers, he does feel it is his place to question Lord Darlington's decision, even in the privacy of his discussion with Miss Kenton. Miss Kenton cannot believe Stevens's indifferent attitude. She says it is wrong to dismiss the maids solely because they are Jewish, and she claims that she also will quit if the two are fired.

A year later, Miss Kenton is ashamed to admit that it was mere fright that kept her from quitting her post at Darlington Hall: she had nowhere else to go. After this admission, Stevens tells Miss Kenton that Lord Darlington has recently repented about firing the maids, and has asked Stevens to try and trace them. Stevens tells Miss Kenton that he thought she would like to know of this development because the firing had distressed her as much as it had distressed him. Miss Kenton is astounded and upset that Stevens never told her the firings had bothered him at all. She says to him: 'Why, Mr. Stevens, why, why, why do you always have to pretend?' Stevens is unable to answer.

A housemaid named Lisa is hired to fill the staff shortage that results from the firing of the two Jewish maids. Stevens does not think Lisa will do a good job, as her references are dubious, but Miss Kenton is determined to prove him wrong. Lisa's behavior, though unpromising at first, improves greatly after several weeks, and Stevens admits that Miss Kenton has had 'modest success' in reforming the new employee. Miss Kenton notes the 'guilty smile' on Stevens's face as he says this, and tells him that she has noticed he always seems averse to having pretty women such as Lisa on the staff at Darlington Hall. Miss Kenton suggests that perhaps Stevens does not want attractive women on the staff because he feels he cannot trust himself. Stevens, of course, denies Miss Kenton's teasing accusation.

After a period of eight or nine months, Lisa runs off with the footman. Miss Kenton is very distraught, and says that Stevens is proved right in the end after all. Stevens disagrees, however, and says that Miss Kenton did a fine job training Lisa, and that such elopement is not uncommon among staff. The two agree that Lisa made a foolish decision in giving up her professional promise for a mere romance.

Stevens thinks about why his relationship with Miss Kenton underwent such a change around 1935 or 1936. He muses over various events that may have represented turning points. One such episode was a night when Miss Kenton came into Stevens's pantry without knocking and, noticing him reading, asked him what book it was. Stevens clutched the book to his chest and asked that Miss Kenton respect his privacy. She persevered, however, suggested that perhaps it was something 'rather racy,' and finally approached him and pried it out of his fingers very slowly. Miss Kenton exclaimed that the book was not anything but a sentimental love story. Stevens shows her out of his room.

Stevens claims that he was reading the book to 'maintain and develop his command of the English language.' He admits that he also enjoyed the romantic aspects, but only for the aesthetics of the language and phrasing. He also emphasizes that he needed to be strict with Miss Kenton to drive home the point that he did not wish to be disturbed when he was off duty in his private study. Stevens feels that Miss Kenton's behavior was inappropriate, and he resolved to re- establish their relationship as merely professional.

Miss Kenton had suddenly begun taking full advantage of all her contracted vacation time shortly before the event in the study. One night over cocoa she explains to Stevens that she is 'renewing her acquaintance' with a man who used to be a butler at Granchester Lodge, her previous place of employment. She comments that Stevens must be perfectly contented with his life, as he is so excellent at his profession. Stevens claims that until Lord Darlington has accomplished all that he can, only then will he consider himself contented.

A week or so later, when they meet over cocoa, Miss Kenton is absentminded. Stevens tells her that she seems increasingly distracted lately, and she replies in a sudden outburst that she is very, very tired. Stevens is taken aback, and suggests they abandon their evening meetings if she is so tired. She protests, but he insists, and the meetings over cocoa stop.

A few weeks later Miss Kenton receives news that her aunt, her only living relative, has passed away. She tells Stevens the news, then asks for a few moments alone and goes into her room. Stevens realizes that he has neglected to offer Miss Kenton his condolences; though he wishes to amend his error, he senses that on the other side of the door she is crying, and that if he enters he will interrupt her private grief. When Miss Kenton comes out of her room in the afternoon, Stevens only asks if everything is in order. He talks around the issue of condolences, pointing out a few mistakes that the new maids have made. Miss Kenton wearily says she will check over the maids' work, and, tiring of Stevens's relentlessly professional conversation excuses herself from the room.

Stevens speculates that if he had acted differently on any of these occasions, things may have turned out better for him. He says, 'there was certainly nothing to indicate at the time that such evidently small events would render whole dreams forever irredeemable.'

Stevens's car runs out of gas near nightfall, and he is forced to stay with a local couple named Mr. and Mrs. Taylor. Many neighbors and friends of the Taylors come over to meet Stevens over dinner, and these townsfolk declare that Stevens is a true gentleman. They ask Stevens what he thinks makes someone a gentleman, and he responds that he thinks the quality to which they refer might be termed 'dignity.' The Taylors' friends say that the doctor in their town, Dr. Carlisle, is also a gentlemen, and they hope that Stevens can meet him.

The guests ask Stevens relentless questions about his involvement with politics, and he says he was more involved before the war, in the arena of international affairs. Stevens tells of some of the famous people he has met, such as Winston Churchill and Lord Halifax, and the guests are very impressed. When Dr. Carlisle arrives at the Taylors' home, the other guests tell him of all the famous people that Stevens has claimed to know, and Dr. Carlisle looks at Stevens in a funny way. After a few more moments Stevens excuses himself to retire for the evening, and Dr. Carlisle offers to give him a ride to his car in the morning.

Stevens says he suffered 'much discomfort' because of the dinner guests' mistaken impression of him. One guest, Harry Smith, had disagreed with Stevens's idea of dignity, claiming that dignity is evident when a common man acknowledges his responsibility to vote and to have strong opinions about political affairs. Stevens dismisses Mr. Smith's views, saying that his statements are too idealistic because there is a limit to what 'ordinary people can learn and know.'

To support this assertion, Stevens recalls an instance when a Mr. Spencer, a friend of Lord Darlington, asked Stevens his opinion on three different complex political situations, about none of which Stevens had the knowledge necessary to comment intelligently. Spencer was using Stevens to make a point-that democracy does not work because it allows ignorant people like Stevens to participate in important decisions. Though Lord Darlington apologizes to Stevens for the embarrassment, he agrees with Spencer's view, saying, 'democracy is something for a bygone era.' Stevens claims that while such ideas currently seem unattractive, there is a great deal of truth in them, and that it is quite absurd to expect any butler to be able to answer such questions.

Stevens concludes by saying that only misguided butlers would constantly question the motives and beliefs of their employers, and that butlers who attempt to form their own strong opinions lack loyalty. He does not advocate misplacing this loyalty, but feels that there must come a time in one's life when one ceases to search, and is content to commit their services to one employer. It is by this reasoning that Stevens claims it is not his fault if Lord Darlington's life and work seem, in retrospect, 'a sad waste,' and is why he himself does not feel any shame or regret to have served Lord Darlington.

Analysis

This section of the novel clearly demonstrates that Stevens's loyalty to Lord Darlington is absolute and blind. Unfortunately, it seems that nothing can shake Stevens's persistence in trusting Lord Darlington. Stevens fails to understand that firing people based on religion suggests a serious moral deficit on Lord Darlington's behalf. Miss Kenton, however, immediately understands the gravity of the situation, and is so opposed to it that she threatens to leave. Unlike Stevens, Miss Kenton does not substitute Lord Darlington's judgment for her own, and she always feels it a sign of personal weakness that she did not follow her own principles and quit her post Darlington Hall. She is also hurt that Stevens did not share his own sentiments with her.

Miss Kenton feels doubly defeated when Lisa runs off to get married. Stevens, however, attempts to cheer Miss Kenton up by telling her she did a good job training Lisa nonetheless. Though Miss Kenton says that Lisa is 'bound to be let down' by her marriage, she does not seem convinced, and maybe even a little wistful. This moment is a little ironic because though she does not really believe the words as she speaks them, she is, in the end, 'let down' by her own marriage. This moment, to some degree, eerily foreshadows Miss Kenton's later marital unhappiness.

The moment in Stevens's study when Miss Kenton pries the book out of his hands is the most sensual or erotic moment in The Remains of the Day. It is clear by Stevens's words that there is a strong physical attraction between the two of them. Nothing comes of it, however, and Stevens explains to us that he was only reading the romance novel to further his command of English-he cannot admit that perhaps love is something he longs for in his own life.

When the two meet over cocoa, Miss Kenton can well imagine what more Stevens might 'wish for in life': a wife and family. It is clear by the way she says these words that she would like a family, and that she is tired of waiting for Stevens to ure this out. This frustration is the cause of Miss Kenton's outburst when Stevens persists in talking about work duties and she tells him she is tired. She is weary not only in a physical sense, but in a spiritual one as well. She is tired of waiting for Stevens to realize that he loves her, because she already knows that she loves him, and she is frustrated by his incessant formality. Stevens does not understand any of this, however, and says only that if the meetings tire Miss Kenton, perhaps they should discontinue the meetings altogether.

Stevens again acts stupidly when Miss Kenton's aunt dies. He is so socially rigid that he is unable offer her any words of condolence or consolation. The only things Stevens can ever speak to Miss Kenton about are affairs of the household-that is the only way he knows how to interact. It is not surprising that Miss Kenton starts taking more time off; she is merely trying to meet other people. These memories are sad moments for Stevens because he now appears to realize that they were turning points in his relationship with Miss Kenton, and that if he had acted differently, perhaps Miss Kenton may not have left to marry someone else.

On the whole, Stevens's regret resounds very strongly in this section of the novel, especially regarding Miss Kenton. When Stevens tells us that her marrying someone else made 'whole dreams forever irredeemable,' there can be little doubt that the dreams to which he refers involve Miss Kenton. This is the only time in the novel, aside from the very end, when Stevens admits to having dreams of his own independent from the wishes and desires of Lord Darlington.

Stevens also displays a greater degree of regret over his choice of Lord Darlington as his employer-a sentiment that gradually emerges out of Stevens's recounting of the episode with the townspeople who visit the Taylors' house for dinner. When the guests mistake Stevens for some sort of dignitary or political ure, he allows their misperception to continue; indeed, it is probably the one time in Stevens's life when he has been treated with great respect.

Harry Smith's views about democracy stand in sharp contrast to the elitist views of Lord Darlington and his cohorts, as Stevens's recollection of Mr. Spencer so viciously demonstrates. Mr. Smith claims that dignity is not just for gentlemen, and Stevens agrees, merely out of politeness. This response seems to ease Mr. Smith, who elaborates that dignity is defined as the right to be a free citizen, and to vote for whom you want in your government. Mr. Smith's modern viewpoint seems ridiculous to Stevens, who still believes that certain people are more entitled to vote than others. Stevens is entirely influenced by the times in which he was brought up: in his view, a butler's place is to serve, not to answer-or even consider, for that matter-political or economic questions. In Stevens's eyes, a butler does what he can to further humanity from within his restricted role-that is the most one can hope for. His viewpoint is very imperialist. When the British colonized other nations, they frequently felt they were superior to the indigenous people who lived in these nations. Stevens comes from a time when such 'ranking' of people is commonplace and accepted.

In light of Stevens's acceptance of such a restricted role, it is all the more vital for him to feel he has chosen to serve a gentleman of impeccable judgment, so that Stevens himself can essentially live his life through the words and deeds of that gentleman. Stevens has chosen Lord Darlington, and though he must admit that in retrospect Lord Darlington's actions do not look wise, they did seem worthy of complete loyalty at the time. However, at this point it is clear that Stevens thinks that he probably trusted the wrong man. Indeed, the fact that he uses the words 'a sad waste' to describe Lord Darlington's life indicates that he himself thinks that this to be true.

Stevens is sitting in the dining hall of the Rose Garden Hotel in teh town of Little Compton, Cornwall, watching the rain outside before his impending visit with Miss Kenton. He has told her he will arrive at three o'clock, so he has forty minutes to wait.

Stevens recalls his morning drive with Dr. Carlisle to refill the gas in his car. During the drive, Dr. Carlisle abruptly asks Stevens if he is really a dignitary, or just a manservant to a dignitary. Stevens, somewhat relieved, says he is indeed the butler at Darlington Hall. He begins to explain that it was not his intention to deceive anyone as to his position, but the good-natured doctor says that the simple townspeople are likely to mistake someone like Stevens for even a lord or a duke. Stevens tells Dr. Carlisle that Harry Smith spoke quite a bit during dinner. The doctor replies that many people see the benefit of have strong political views like Harry, but they cannot be bothered to have such views themselves-they would rather just be left alone. The doctor's tone is one of disgust as he makes this assertion, but Stevens does not understand why the doctor feels this way. When the two arrive at Stevens's scar, Dr. Carlisle fills up the tank, the men exchange goodbyes, and Stevens goes on his way.

Stevens once again muses on the past while he is killing time before making the trip to Miss Kenton's at three o'clock. Stevens again thinks over why it was he did not go into Miss Kenton's room after she heard that her aunt died. He says he felt a peculiar sensation inside him as he stood, transfixed by indecision, outside her door. Then he abruptly changes his mind and says that perhaps the moment he recalls so vividly was not the day Miss Kenton learned of her aunt's death, but on another occasion several months later, when he again stood outside her door. Stevens now thinks that the memory in question occurred the evening that Mr. Reginald Cardinal arrived at Darlington hall on an unexpected visit.

Reginald Cardinal, the son of Lord Darlington close friend Sir David Cardinal-who had been tragically killed in a riding accident in the 1920s-is also Lord Darlington's godson. When Stevens goes to tell Miss Kenton that Mr. Cardinal has arrived, he catches her in a pensive mood. She tells Stevens she is taking the night off, and reminds him that she had requested the time off a month ago. Miss Kenton then tells Stevens that the man she is going to meet has asked for her hand in marriage, and that she is still thinking the matter over. Stevens briefly thanks her for telling him and excuses himself.

A tense atmosphere prevails during the dinner between Lord Darlington and his godson. Darlington is expecting guests, but he refuses to tell his godson who exactly the guests are. After dinner, the two get into an argument in the smoking room. Herr Ribbentrop arrives at the house under police escort.

Miss Kenton returns from her outing and tells Stevens she has accepted her acquaintance's marriage proposal. Stevens offers her brief congratulations, but says in the same breath that he must return upstairs. Miss Kenton calls to Stevens, amazed that after all her years at Darlington Hall he has nothing more to say about her news. Stevens replies only that events of global significance are occurring in the house and that he must go upstairs. Miss Kenton then tells Stevens that she and her fiancé often pass the time by making fun of Stevens and his incessant professionalism. Stevens does not react, and merely excuses himself once again.

Mr. Cardinal, who is alone in the library, asks Stevens to fetch more brandy. When Stevens returns, Mr. Cardinal says that Lord Darlington has assembled the British Prime Minister, the Foreign Secretary, and the German Ambassador in the other room in order to promote the idea of the Prime Minister making a visit to Nazi Germany. Cardinal says that Hitler, through Herr Ribbentrop, has been using Lord Darlington to extend Nazi influence in England. Though Lord Darlington is a true gentleman whose instinct is to help a defeated foe, the Nazis have manipulated him to their own evil ends.

Stevens then goes to fetch a bottle of port from the cellar for the dignitaries. When he reaches the first floor he sees Miss Kenton standing in the doorway of her room. She apologizes for making fun of him earlier. He replies that he can hardly recall what she said, and that furthermore he does not have time to exchange pleasantries. Stevens goes downstairs and gets the bottle of port. As he comes back upstairs and passes by Miss Kenton's room, he is under the distinct impression that she is crying on the other side of her door. He pauses, uncertain why he is so sure she is in tears, but then he hurries upstairs. As he stands outside the drawing room door where the men are talking, a sense of triumph wells up in him because he thinks he is helping to serve men who will change history.

Analysis

Stevens cannot understand Dr. Carlisle's disdain for people who 'just want to be left alone' and do not like to bother much about political affairs. This is not a surprise, as Stevens thinks that 'ordinary' men will never understand the affairs of 'great' men. This episode illustrates again Stevens's old-fashioned, conservative views. When Dr. Carlisle asks, Stevens again denies having known Lord Darlington-the third time he has done so in the novel. The more Stevens denies knowing Lord Darlington, the more certain we feel that he does not really think that Lord Darlington acted in a way befitting a gentleman.

Stevens again mentions the night when he thought Miss Kenton was crying but did not enter her room. He remembers that it was not the night of her father's death, but the night she became engaged, the same night the secret meeting took place at Darlington Hall. Perhaps, if Stevens had been less concerned with the affairs of the house and paid more attention to his own emotions, he could have told Miss Kenton of his feelings for her, which might would have prevented her from leaving and marrying the other man. The fact that Miss Kenton is crying on the same night of her engagement foreshadows the many nights she will spend crying during her unhappy marriage.

It is striking that even when Mr. Cardinal tells Stevens the alarming truth of what is really happening in the house, Stevens persists in thinking that Lord Darlington is only doing what is best for everyone involved. Mr. Cardinal cannot understand how Stevens can persist in thinking that all is well, as the Nazi agenda and motives at this point are no longer mysterious to most observers. Cardinal is very angry and upset at Lord Darlington's, and Stevens's, naïveté. Cardinal recalls Mr. Lewis's controversial views from the March 1923 conference, saying that Mr. Lewis had been right-old-fashioned gentlemen who do not fully understand what they are doing, and who hold values out of touch with the times, should not try to influence the decisions of heads of state. Like Mr. Smith, Mr. Cardinal typifies a more modern democratic political viewpoint, whereas Stevens persists in seeing things as though times have not changed. Because Stevens fails to understand that Hitler is annihilating certain racial and religious groups because they are 'inferior,' Stevens does not perceive how harmful it can be to say that certain people are 'inferior' or 'ordinary'-claims that we see him make repeatedly throughout the novel. The horror of World War II made it virtually impossible to further entertain such notions of inferiority and superiority, but because Stevens never sees the war first-hand nor evaluates its implications, his views remain outdated.

At this point, there is no doubt that Stevens has become a rather tragic and pitiable character. His reluctance to doubt Lord Darlington and his inability to acknowledge his own feelings result in dangerous political steps on Lord Darlington's part and in the departure of the woman Stevens loves. The fact that Stevens has twice mentioned the evening that he thought Miss Kenton was crying makes it clear that this memory haunts him. The only thing that can save Stevens from despair is the consolation of having done his job as a butler well, so he stubbornly clings to this thought as a drowning man would cling to a piece of driftwood. However, Stevens's eagerness to once again see Miss Kenton indicates that, through her, he hopes to recapture a past that is otherwise irretrievably lost.

Stevens next writes from a seaside town in Weymouth, where he goes after he visits Miss Kenton. He is sitting on a pier watching all of the colored lights come on in the evening. He arrived at Weymouth the afternoon of the day before, and has stayed another day so that he might spend a little leisure time away from driving.

Miss Kenton actually surprises Stevens by coming to meet him at the hotel where he was staying in Little Compton. She has aged, but very gracefully, and he is extremely pleased to see her again. It strikes Stevens that Miss Kenton seems to have lost the spark that used to make her so lively; when her face is in repose, he thinks that its expression is sad.

Stevens and Miss Kenton fill each other in on their lives over the last twenty years. Although Stevens had thought that Miss Kenton's letter indicated that she had left her husband, she tells him she is in fact moving back in with her husband. Miss Kenton urges Stevens, on his return trip, to visit her daughter Catherine, who is expecting a child in the fall. Stevens tells Miss Kenton what Darlington Hall is like now with the reduced staff and Mr. Farraday as the employer. Stevens tells Miss Kenton the sad news that Reginald Cardinal was killed in World War II, in Belgium. Miss Kenton inquires about the unsuccessful libel action that Lord Darlington took against a newspaper that made claims that he was a Nazi sympathizer and a traitor to England. Stevens says that Lord Darlington lost the libel suit, and after his good name was ruined, he practically became an invalid.

The meeting goes on for two hours before Miss Kenton says she must return home. Stevens drives her to a bus stop a little way outside the village. While they are waiting at the bus station, Stevens asks Miss Kenton a question that he says has been troubling him for some time: he asks if she is being mistreated in some way, as her letters often seem unhappy. Miss Kenton says that her husband does not mistreat her in any way at all. Stevens says he does not understand why, then, she is unhappy. She tells him that for a long time, she did not love her husband, but that after having a daughter and going through the war together, she has grown to love him. However, there are times when she thinks she has made a great mistake with her life. She even says, 'For instance, I get to thinking about a life I may have had with you, Mr. Stevens.' But then she says that it is of no use to dwell on what might have been.

For the first time in the novel, Stevens appears to realize how much he loves Miss Kenton. Upon hearing her words about the possibility of a life they might have had together, he says that his 'heart is breaking.' He does not speak for a moment, but when he does, he only says that Miss Kenton is right: one cannot dwell on the past. He says that she must do all she can to ensure many happy years ahead with her husband and her grandchildren. Then the bus comes, and Miss Kenton leaves. Stevens sees that her eyes have filled with tears.

A man comes up and sits next to Stevens on the bench on the pier, and begins talking to him. During the conversation, the man reveals that he was once a butler at a small house. Stevens says that he is the head butler at Darlington Hall, and the man is very impressed. Stevens tells the man about how Darlington Hall was in the old days. Then Stevens tells the man he gave what he had to give to Lord Darlington; even though he is trying hard to please his new employer, he feels that he is making more and more errors. The man next to him offers Stevens a handkerchief-our only clue that Stevens is crying.

Stevens says that Lord Darlington at least made his own mistakes, but says that he himself cannot even claim that, because he trusted Lord Darlington so completely. Stevens does not think that there is much dignity in such an action-not even being able to say he has made his own mistakes. The man seated next to Stevens tells him not to look back so much because it will only make him unhappier. Then he says that the evening is the best part of the day for most folks. Stevens agrees, and apologizes for crying. He decides to make the best of 'what remains of my day.' The first thing he will work on upon his return to Darlington Hall is bantering: he hopes, when Mr. Farraday comes back, that he will be able 'to pleasantly surprise him.'

Analysis

The final section of The Remains of the Day is incredibly sad, as Stevens never tells Miss Kenton that he loves her because he feels that it is too late. Listening to her talk about her husband and her daughter has made him realize how much time has passed, and how much opportunity lost. Stevens does ask Miss Kenton if she has ever thought of working again; she replies that she has, but now that she is going to have a grandchild, she wants to be nearby. Though Miss Kenton's words crush Stevens's last hope of her ever returning to Darlington Hall, he, of course, never even says to her that he was hoping she would do so. Stevens's last and largest hope has now been shattered, compounding the other losses and regrets that seem to have characterized much of his life.

The meeting is the climax of the novel. Even though Stevens relates his meeting with Miss Kenton at the end of the story, he tells it after the fact, a day afterward. The intervening falling action-what would constitute Day Five-is not presented in the narrative; we are left to imagine Stevens wandering around on the day after his meeting with Miss Kenton, having ultimately failed in both expressing his feelings and attaining any deep intimacy with another person.

It is clear that Miss Kenton has married the wrong man. Stevens notes that her passionate nature seems to have dissipated, and that her expression often seems to be one of sadness. When Miss Kenton voices regret at not spending her life with Stevens, it makes him realize how much better it would have been for both of them if they had been the ones to marry. It is at this point that Stevens tells us that his heart is breaking-an astounding revelation from a character who gives virtually no evidence of any emotion at all during the course of the novel.

Stevens finally breaks down during the evening when he is sitting on the pier, reaching at last the realization that he has deluded himself throughout his entire life. He finally questions aloud the use of being loyal to someone who used bad judgment, and finally sees how it may be foolish to completely accept someone else's judgment in place of one's own. Indeed, Stevens suddenly realizes that such blind loyalty may not be very dignified after all. It is in this part of the novel that Stevens's role-his mask as a perfect, poised butler -crumbles, and his real self-an sad, disillusioned man-takes over the story.

The man next to Stevens cheers him up by telling him not to look back or focus on regret and lost opportunity so much. Finally, Stevens comforts himself with the thought that there is dignity in the fact that he willingly sacrificed other things in life in order to devote himself to Lord Darlington. Small as this comfort may be, it seems enough for Stevens, who then tells us about his s to improve his skills at bantering in an attempt to better serve his new employer. It is not clear, in the end, the extent to which Stevens realizes he has deceived himself. After all, as he never has known anything outside of his own limited existence, it may be difficult, if not impossible, for him to fully appreciate what he has missed, just as someone who is born blind would never miss seeing color. Indeed, despite its slightly optimistic ending, The Remains of the Day remains, on the whole, a tragic story of regret and missed opportunity.

'Embarrassing as these moments were for me, I would not wish to imply that I in any way blame Mr. Farraday, who is in no sense an unkind person; he was, I am sure, merely enjoying the sort of bantering which in the United States, no doubt, is a sign of a good, friendly understanding between employer and employee, indulged in as a kind of affectionate sport. Indeed, to put things into a proper perspective, I should point out that just such bantering on my new employer's part has characterized much of our relationship over these months- though I must confess, I remain rather unsure as to how I should respond.'

This passage is an excerpt from the Prologue. Because the meticulous, formal Stevens is not used to humor of any kind, he finds it extremely unsettling when his new employer, Mr. Farraday makes jokes, as he does not know how to reply in kind. Stevens is far too formal, and far too afraid of offending his employer, to hazard a reply that he has not carefully thought out. At several other points in the novel, while Stevens is on his road trip, he again voices his concerns about bantering, and describes several failed attempts at making funny remarks. This bafflement over the concept of casual banter characterizes Stevens's overall devotion to professionalism at the exclusion of personal or informal concerns.

This quotation is taken from the section titled: 'Day One-Evening / Salisbury.' When Stevens says that the 'greatness' of the landscape stems from its restraint and its lack of demonstrativeness, he is also saying something about himself. He is constantly restrained, hiding his emotions in much the same way that the English landscape does not disclose anything dramatically or loudly. This narrow view on Stevens's part is one that eventually crumbles by the end of the story, when he realizes that his façade of calm has circumscribed his entire existence with indifference.

This passage, from one of Stevens's reminiscences about the past, is presented in the 'Day Two-Morning / Salisbury' section. Lord Darlington speaks these words to Stevens in the early 1920s, just after the end of World War I. Darlington is speaking of Herr Bremann, his German friend who was a soldier in World War I. Herr Bremann shoots himself shortly after the evening on which Lord Darlington speaks those words to Stevens. This quotation reveals the nobility of character at the heart of Lord Darlington, and highlights one reason why he is especially vulnerable toward Nazi proanda: because he feels England has been unfair to Germany in the aftermath of World War I, he continues to give Germany the benefit of the doubt, even when it becomes clear to most others that the Nazi agenda is not one that can be condoned.

This passage, taken from the very end of the 'Day Three-Evening / Moscombe, Near Tavistock, Devon' section, demonstrates Stevens's inner doubts about whether or not he has acted nobly, or with dignity, by unquestioningly accepting all of Lord Darlington's decisions. Stevens is trying to justify his actions not only to us, but to himself. If he were to admit that he was not actually serving someone with exemplary moral stature, he would have to admit that he made a mistake in whom he chose to trust and serve for so long and with such diligence. Though Stevens fears he has been mistaken, for solace, he clings to the fact that he did his work well. The entire narrative, in a sense, is a re-examination of his life, and at the end of the story, he admits to feeling both shame and regret.

These words, spoken by Miss Kenton, are taken from the 'Day Six-Evening / Weymouth' section of the novel. Miss Kenton, like Stevens, is not content with the decisions she has made in life. She reveals that she did not really come to love her husband until many years after she married him. After she makes the above declaration, Stevens says that his 'heart is breaking.' It is a tragic moment in the novel, for Stevens fails to tell Miss Kenton that he also had-and continues to have-deep feelings for her. The fact that neither his, nor her regret is ever relieved makes the ending of The Remains of the Day haunting, poignant, and tragic.